There are many methodologies in determining a current infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin. These include conventional culture with serotyping or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, diagnostic laboratories in the United States and several countries in Europe also utilize an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the level of antibodies directed against O-antigens from Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin in both blood and milk samples. These ELISAs measure the humoral immune response as an indicator of current or previous infections. ELISA results are reported as a semi-quantitative percentage value, giving an optical density reading referable to a standard set of controls. Individual or bulk tank milk samples can also be conducted on ELISAs and have been used for screening / active surveillance programs for this serovar. Sensitivity for the serum ELISA is considerably higher than fecal culture for the identification of Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin infected cattle. As a diagnostic test, the serum ELISA is reported to perform best when used in animals between 3 and 10 months of age
File: CL-Res-89-Salmonella-Dublin-ELISA-Testing-At-WVDL.pdf
Bovine Environmental Sampling Instructions for Salmonella spp.
How to use Salmonella Environmental Monitoring Sampling kit
File: CL-Res-73-Bovine-Environmental-Sampling-Instructions-for-Salmonella-spp.pdf
Salmonella diagnostic testing can be challenging to interpret and apply to clinical or pathology samples. The WVDL has a workflow for the identification of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica utilizing molecular detection, culture, serogroup and serotyping. This workflow was created based on existing data from published literature and data collected at the WVDL. We have analyzed the data collected from 2014-2020 to provide clients with a better understanding of why the WVDL has implemented the current Salmonella testing scheme.
File: CL-Res-66-Salmonella-PCR-and-Bacteriology-Testing-at-WVDL.pdf
It is important that livestock trailers, maternity and calf pens and other areas suspect of being contaminated with Salmonella be properly cleaned before the disinfectant is applied. If these areas are not properly cleaned, the disinfection step is much less effective at killing pathogens. High-pressure washing should not be used because of the risk of cross-contamination of the environment and aerosalization of contaminated material, which can cause human and animal infection. Importantly, livestock owners and managers should understand that while high-pressure washers do remove gross soils, such as dried fecal material, it does not consistently remove bacterial biofilms. Biofilm removal is an essential and vital component of proper cleaning. The following is a simple cleaning and disinfection protocol that is widely used in livestock operations in the United States.
File: CL-Res-72-Disinfection-and-Cleaning-Protocol-Salmonellosis-1.pdf
Semen and Venereal Agents Submission Form
File: FM-CL-SUB-44-WVDL-Semen-and-Venereal-Agents-Submission-Form-1.pdf
Serology and Regulatory Submission Form
File: FM-CL-SUB-43-WVDL-Serology-and-Regulatory-Submission-Form-1.pdf
Shipping Label Order Form
File: FM-CL-ORD-6-Shipping-Label-Order-Form-1.pdf
Sampling Instructions
• Producers should wear disposable gloves to prevent contamination of the sample with bacteria.
• Producers should plan on collecting samples for a minimum of 7 consecutive days. A sample should be collected from every calf feeding during the week.
• Samples must be thoroughly mixed (agitated) prior to collection.
• Milk Replacer samples should be prepared and received in liquid form. The lab will not reconstitute Milk Replacer samples.
• Samples should be collected in a leak proof vial. Vials (2 oz translucent lock top) can be purchased from Nelson Jameson (1-800-826-8302). The catalog number is 170-3206.
• Fill the leak proof vial ½ full with milk or milk replacer.
• Label the vial. Each vial should have the date and time (am, pm) of collection clearly written on it.
• Samples should be placed in a household freezer immediately after collection. Samples can remain in the freezer for up to 14 days before submission to the laboratory.
Shipping Instructions
• Veterinarians should completely fill out the WVDL Milk Submission Form (Total Solids request is included below the Liquid Feed request). An electronic copy of the Milk Submission form is available at the WVDL website: here.
• Request the Total Solids test.
• Package the samples with a sufficient number of ice packs to ensure they remain frozen
during shipment. Warm samples will be rejected.
• Send the samples by the most expeditious means. The laboratory should receive the samples within 24-36 hours. Samples submitted for both solids and bacterial quantification should be sent directly to the WVDL Barron Lab.
• Clients should schedule shipments to avoid weekend and holiday delivery of samples to the laboratory.
File: CL-Res-25-Total-Solids-Testing-Waste-Milk-and-Calf-Milk-Replacer-Sampling-and-Transport-Instructions-1.pdf
All information must be printed legibly or types. Use a separate form for each species and owner. Contact WVDL if you have questions on use of this form.
File: FM-CL-SUB-1-USDA-VS-Form10-4.pdf
Veterinary Supplies Order Form
File: FM-CL-Ord-2-VETERINARYSUPPLIESORDER.pdf